Ethical Dilemma a Walmart Manager Might Face free essay sample

Utilizing Collaborative Care The most widely recognized utilizations for community oriented consideration are patients with ceaseless infections and patients with complex issues needing care over a continuum of human services settings. Ceaseless ailments that profit by the utilization of the community oriented model of care incorporate sort II diabetes mellitus, maladies of the cardiovascular framework, for example, hypertension and cardiovascular breakdown, and renal infection, for example, disappointment or interminable inadequacy. What's more, addictions, for example, those to illicit substances or liquor, and emotional well-being issues are perfect for the utilization of the group way to deal with care. Proof obviously shows that the community oriented methodology essentially builds the nature of care and patient fulfillment with their consideration. As indicated by Kearney (2008), group care is mind boggling in light of the fact that the individuals must perceive every others skills, decide the division of obligations regarding quiet mind and stick to fundamental correspondence and documentation conventions. Fruitful cooperative groups display regard and center for the normal patient objectives, have clear job assignments, regard and see every part abilities, utilize viable and visit correspondence and can resolve onflicts in a convenient way without significant disturbances in the progression of care to the patient. We will compose a custom exposition test on Moral Dilemma a Walmart Manager Might Face or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Boundaries to effective community oriented group care incorporate any kind of breakdown inside the group. The most well-known issues that sway adversely on fruitful coordinated effort incorporate lack of respect for different individuals, job limit clashes, ineffectual correspondence and force battles between callings. End As society ages the quantity of individuals with incessant infections and complex sicknesses will keep on expanding. The intense consideration setting is just one stop along the continuum of care for the treatment of these conditions.

Le Belle Dame Sans Merci written on 1820 by John Keats Essay Example

Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats Paper I will look at the sonnets Lochinvar composed by Walter Scott in 1808 and Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats. Lochinvar and Le Belle Dame Sans Merci are two Romantic sonnets that asserted prominence in the development of Romanticism just on the grounds that they were short long, the two of them recount to a story and contain a plot, they were in vogue for the Romantic development additionally they were anything but difficult to recollect and present. The primary and most clear similitude between the two sonnets is that they are Romantic. The Romantic time frame started around 1798 and finished roughly around 1832. Sentimental verse focused on nature, emotions and feelings. Moreover the topics of the extraordinary and medieval were utilized. It was a break with the old custom, that was until the Victorian development moved in and individuals, activities, outward ethical quality and reason were increasingly significant. Sonnets, for example, Porphyrias Lover were composed during the Victorian development. One of the principle contrasts between the two sonnets would be that Le Belle Dame Sans Merci is a song while Lochinvar utilizes rhyming couplets and age-old language. Also Le Belle Dame Sans Merci could be portrayed as being awful and lamentable where Lochinvar is the ideal fantasy with the pure consummation. Le Belle Dame Sans Merci can be viewed as a ditty due to its appalling substance, the consideration of a knight and the compelling utilization of common symbolism. It is broken into four line verses as songs typically are and a standard musicality. Moreover every one of the four line verses portrays a different occurrence in the sonnet, separating it into little, short scenes. Le Belle Dame Sans Merci opposes being a song in a couple of ways. We will compose a custom paper test on Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Le Belle Dame Sans Merci composed on 1820 by John Keats explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer One of the most significant being that it doesn't follow the normal rhyme plan of A B A B; rather it goes A B C B. Lochinvar is additionally written in the style of a song somewhat. It is to a greater extent a society style of composing. A few instances of this would be the point at which, The lady kisses the cup, and, He stayed not for bracken, and he halted not for stone. There is likewise some ancient language utilized, for example, ere, ye, saith, twere better by a long shot, and quoth. Ancient language is commonly used to box a Scottish articulation and underscore medieval topic. The Scottish component bolsters the possibility of the people style of composing. The rhyme conspire utilized in this sonnet is rhyming couplets adding a consistent cadence to the sonnet. There is additionally a modest quantity of common symbolism utilized. The narrative of Lochinvar tells a story of a knight who proceeds to protect the lady that he adores from her wedding. Lochinvar needs to get hitched to Ellen. Ellen has quite recently been hitched however Lochinvar turns up at the wedding gathering. Obviously Lochinvar and Ellen are infatuated. They hit the dance floor with one another at the wedding gathering however Ellens mother and father are not under any condition satisfied with this. It is now that they flee together. Their families endeavor to tail them. The fundamental characters in Lochinvar would be Ellen and Lochinvar. Lochinvar is a Scottish Lord and Knight. He is exceptionally valiant and striking. We know this since, He rode all unarmed and, he rode in solitude, additionally He halted not for break, and he halted not for stone, and He swan the Esk River where portage there was none. There is some hypothesis that he could be risky. We realize that Ellens family is very wealthy, the live at Netherby Hall. Also, Ellens guardians don't favor of Lochinvar. It could be conceivable that Ellens marriage could be orchestrated. Lochinvar and Ellen have been infatuated for quite a while so perhaps Ellens guardians organized this union with attempt to reject Lochinvar from Ellens life. The narrative of Le Belle Dame Sans Merci is that of a deplorable one, finishing off with conceivable demise and secret. The storyteller in the sonnet meets a knight who looks very unwell. The storyteller asks the knight what's going on. He keeps on telling the storyteller that he met a pixie in the field. He made her some adornments comprising of blossoms, at that point the pixie discloses to him that she cherishes him. The pixie at that point took the knight to a cavern. She cries and he kisses her. The pixie at that point sings the night to rest, at that point he has terrible dreams about death. He at that point wakes and gives off an impression of being in a field. A solid chance is that the entire experience could have been a fantasy. English Literature Kieran Walsh 10E Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE John Keats area.

5 Steps for Process Costing Method

5 Steps for Process Costing Method Looking to take your business budget in control but don’t know how to go about it? Don’t worry â€" youaren’t alone.Many businesses struggle with the costs that they incur from getting the raw materials and producing the finished goods.And while there are different costing methods out there, process costing remains one of the more popular ones.So, is it the right one for you? Or should you be looking for something else? Is it what you should be looking for more productivity?The fact that you need the right accounting method for your business is something that most businesses know.Whether it be mitigating IRS risks or lowering your cash taxes, the right accounting method does work great.Before we talk about that though, we will take a look at what the process costing method is.WHAT IS PROCESS COSTING?To understand what Process Costing is, you must first know about Cost Accounting.This is basically a method that is used by a business to identify its total cost of production.Input costs from each step of their production process are monitored and then matched against the actual output results generated to measure the company’s overall financial performance.This type of method is useful as it helps with budgeting and setting up processes to improve their margins in the future.In other words, Process Costing is one type of Cost Accounting that is widely used when the company produces mass homogenous products.Due to this, the costs of individual units of output cannot be differentiated from each other.This is because there is no quantifiable way to give each unit an individual cost when thousands of the same product are produced every hour.You might have a great advertising strategy, but if you are looking for something more, you need to get down to the basics â€" like using the right accounting method.THE TALE OF THE SOFT DRINK MANUFACTURERFor example, take a soft drink manufacturer.Their factories would be manufacturing tens of thousands of liters every day. There is no precise way to give a particular cost to just one liter of soft drink made that day. This is where process costing comes into play.In this method, costs are accumulated in total over a fixed period of time and then summarized.Over that period of time, there will be multiple processes that the products will go through, and a cost will be added to each process which will then be added together to get one total cost.This cost will then be divided by the total number of products produced within that period, which will give out an average cost per unit.Examples of this type of production would include food processing, chemical production, etc.Let’s take the previous example of the soft drink manufacturer and put it into context.The first process would be the production of the soda itself.We’ll say that the direct material (DM) costs will come up to $100,000 and the conversion costs (CC) (includes the labor and factory overheads costs) will be $200,000.For a month they can produce 100,000 bottles which would mean that the DM cost would be $1.00 and the CC would be $2.00.These costs are then taken and added onto the next process, which would be the bottling department until you have a total cost per unit after going through all the processes.TYPES OF PROCESS COSTINGThere are three types of process costing which can be used in different situations.Weighted Average Costs â€" This is done by dividing the cost of goods that are available for sale by the number of products that are available for sale which will give you an average cost per unit.Standard Costs â€" This is similar to the weighted average method but uses a standard cost rather than the actual costs. Once this is measured, they are then matched against the actual costs incurred and are the difference is charged to another variance account. This is used when a company produces in large batches but have a varied mix of products to which they cannot assign separate costs to.First In First Out (FI FO) â€" This is the method of valuation where the first goods purchased are the first ones sold which is one of the best methods for a business to use as the risk of inventory going obsolete is reduced. It is a very complex calculation that uses layers of costs to account for significant changes in costs over time. This method is the most logically correct of all the process costing methods, and similarly, it is the hardest while the Weighted Average method is the easiest.  THE 5 STEPS FOR PROCESS COSTINGNow that we have a basic idea of what process costing is let’s move on to the full method of how process is costing works.There are basically five steps in this method that a business would have to go through:Analyze the flow of actual unitsConvert the inventory to determine the equivalent unitsIdentify the total costsCalculate the average cost per equivalent unitAllocate these costs to finished units and Work in Process units  1.  Analyze the Flow of Actual UnitsThe first thing t hat the business should do is to identify the flow of units during the manufacturing process.This type of costing relies on this distinct flow of units as it will determine exactly how the costs should be added on during the whole process.As you read about before, when producing homogenous products there are usually several production processes involved.Once these processes are identified, the costs will be added to each process in sequence until you get a final value that determines the cost related to that specific method of production.Different manufacturers will have varying types of processes which can range from just two to over a dozen which will change the way costing is done drastically from each type of business.2. Convert the Inventory to Determine the Equivalent UnitsEquivalent units are the number of units that are completed during a certain stage of production.As the production moves along the line, it is inevitable that not all units will be completed from one stage t o the next.The units that are not fully complete when it moves on to the next process are called “Work in Process”.These units are calculated based on their stage of completion and how many processes it has gone through until now.This percentage will depend on the type of business and the value that they set on which process the unit should be in to be called an equivalent unit.For example, a furniture manufacturer may identify a unit as “complete” when it passes the cutting or assembling processes but are yet to go through the polishing process.Whereas, a wine manufacturer would not be able to call their units complete until they have passed the aging and bottling stage which would take a long time in the production process.So if production during that stage has 4 processes and 3 are completed, then the unit would be 75% complete which could be counted as an equivalent unit for the company.Taking all this into account, the company should then determine the total number of e quivalent units produced during that period by taking the total number of Work in Process units and multiplying it with the units that are complete. (Ex. 5000 Work in Process units x 0.75 {75%} = 3750 completed units).If you are looking to know more about process costing, here is a video that talks about it in a simpler way. 3.  Identify the Total CostsThe third step is to account for all the costs that are incurred during the whole production process.This is done by adding costs to each process to get an average individual cost per unit.Compared to the other costing methods available, this method uses quite a basic method to calculate these costs.These costs are divided into direct costs and indirect costs.The direct costs are usually noted down as:Direct Labor â€" This is the cost of employing people to work on producing the product during that particular process. Ex: Factory worker on the bottling line.Direct Materials â€" These are the costs of the raw materials that were used t o produce the units during the process.Manufacturing Overheads â€" This includes all the other costs that will be incurred during this time that are not accounted for in Direct Costs such as depreciation, rent, property tax, and electricity.Other examples of indirect costs would include facility maintenance, worker salaries, quality assurance, and other factory supplies which are not directly related to manufacturing.4. Calculate the Average Cost Per Equivalent UnitOnce all the costs have been identified for each process, then it’s a simple process to calculate the average cost per unit.All of these costs from each process are added together to get one total cost, and this value is then divided by the total equivalent unit number to get the average equivalent cost per unit.ExampleSoda ManufacturingSoda Production (First Process) â€" DM ($100,000), CC ($200,000)Bottling (Second Process) â€" DM ($40,000), CC ($50,000)Labeling (Third Process) â€" DM ($25,000), CC ($25,000)Sealing (Fo urth Process) â€" DM ($10,000), CC ($10,000)Work in Process units 100,000 units x 0.25 (Assuming completed percentage is 75%) = 25000 unitsTotal Costs DM ($175,000) + CC ($285,000) = $460,000Average Cost per Unit = $460,000/75000 units = $6.13 per unit5. Allocate Costs to Finished Units and Work in Process UnitsIf you are looking to get the most accurate value of the costs incurred, here is the thing.It’s not just the value of the equivalent costs that must be taken into account for that period.Even if the Work in Process is half finished, they still incurred a cost during that period which must be added on as well.Each stage of production will always have an opening inventory and closing inventory value which includes the Work in Process units that were brought forward from the last period of production.To show this in an example, let’s say that 10,000 units which were halfway complete from the previous production period were brought forward as opening inventory.Soda Manufact uringInventory brought forward â€" 5000 units (10,000 units * 0.50 {completion percentage from previous period})Opening Inventory Value = 5000 units * $6 per unit (Value to produce these units since last period) = $30,000Current Work in Process Units â€" 12500 units (25,000 units * 0.50 {completion percentage from current period})Total Average Cost for the period = 75,000 units + 12,500 units = 87,500 units$460,000 + $30,000 (Opening Inventory Value) = $490,000$490,000/87,500 units = $5.6 per unitRather than calculating the cost based only on the equivalent units, the business can get a much more accurate value by including the Work in Process units too as they were also involved in the current period of production and so consumed direct material, direct labour, and other manufacturing costs as well.It is also the same with the opening stock from the previous period as they were only halfway complete but then fully completed in the current period but not up to the full extent.By add ing a cost to both the equivalent and work in process units, the company can make sure that they are not leaving any of the costs unturned and will give a more accurate view of exactly how much the units from that period would cost them.As can be seen in the example, the cost reduced from $6.13 per unit to $5.6 with the inclusion of the work in process units which can be quite a large amount when dealing in mass production of products.THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PROCESS COSTINGNow that we understand exactly how Process Costing works and when it’s best to be used let’s go through some of the pros and cons of using this method.What are the Advantages of this Cost Accounting Method?Flexible By using this method, the business has a certain level of flexibility open to them when it comes to the production process. They can increase or reduce the number of processes that a product goes through depending on their needs.For example, a business trying to improve their product may add another process in the production which will further refine their product and give it a better overall outlook. This process can be easily integrated into the system as all they have to do is identify the costs of this process separately and then add it onto the overall cost total.In the same way, if the business is looking to cut down their costs, then they can monitor their processes separately and figure out a way to reduce one of the processes in such a way that they eliminate the cost from that process completely.This will not be difficult to do as each process has the cost noted down separately.By having this kind of flexibility, the business can make sure that they are running in the most cost-effective manner in the industry.Easy to Use This method is really simple to use as it does not involve any complex functions.Basically, all it contains is calculating total cost per process and then dividing it by the total number of units produced.It is also easy to allocate cost s for each process as they are all taken separately and account for only a small part of the whole production process.A Standardized AffairBecause the whole production process is standardized, managing and supervising the whole thing is quite easy as there is not much variation for things to go wrong.Disadvantages that You Need to Take a Note of Costing Mistakes One major factor is the inaccuracy that can occur when it comes to setting costs.There are chances where indirect costs that are not related to the production of the units may be included in the total costs.This will lead to a false increase in the cost per unit and thus will fall on the consumers in the form of higher prices which may be above the market average.This will lead to fall in sales revenue of the company as the consumers will switch from your product to another competitor.Another issue may be that certain processes may not be included in the total cost (especially if the production process includes a lot of proc esses) which will result in under-costed products.This would affect the profitability of the business as they unknowingly sell their products at a lower rate.Time Consuming This process can take quite a bit of time to complete due to the identification of equivalent and work in process units.The business will have to calculate how far along all of their production units are so that they can put them under the correct category.All of these units will have to be traced through the entire production line to ensure that the correct value is placed on them.For instance, the value that it is placed at is a guess made by the employees of the business. If these are not guessed correctly, it will again cause discrepancies in the overall profitability of the business.Since the process costs that are taken into account are average costs, it may not be the best option to get accurate information for company analysis and performance measurement as a whole.Also, as the whole process works in sequ ence, there is the possibility that if one mistake in costing takes place at one of the beginning processes, it will be carried forward to the other processes from there onwards which again leads to inaccuracy of data.IS IT THE RIGHT COST ACCOUNTING METHOD FOR YOUR BUSINESS?This type of costing method is only valid for one type of business which produces homogenous products in vast quantities.Most of the businesses in today’s world do not produce only one type of product but usually have a lot of variety to stay competitive.That would make this method of costing redundant in the current market.Unlike the other costing methods, this will only give you data on the cost of production and not on other factors such as the efficiency of their production process, machinery or employees.In conclusion, process costing is one of the easiest and simple methods to do the costing for a business that specializes in producing mass homogenous products.However, it has a lot of problems in terms of accuracy and effectiveness as it would not work in a highly competitive environment which is today’s business world.

Whether the Aboriginals should self-government or not Free Essay Example, 1750 words

Inuit was brought under federal responsibility in 1939 while MÃ ©tis was not under any jurisdiction federal or provincial. The 1867 Act had established two levels of government: federal and provincial and left no room for a third form of government. The government adopted a policy of assimilation up to 1950s thus ignoring most of the important ideals held by Indians. The mandate to make Decision was given the minister of Indian affairs and northern development. Further policy changes were made in 1969 where devolved services and programs as well as the special status for Indians were terminated (Wherrett n. p). Lack of the inherent right of Aboriginals as Aboriginal people led them to begin agitating for self-government in the 1970s. Though Aboriginals and aboriginal treaty rights were recognized in the Constitution Act, 1982, different views existed as to what constituted aboriginal self-government. For some it was a way of solving their problems but to politicians it was denying them some of the powers. According to Russell (3) some supported the Act due to sympathy for the Aboriginals while others rejected it out of fear of losing their homes. We will write a custom essay sample on Whether the Aboriginals should self-government or not or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Many of the Canadians Aboriginals included did not have a real understanding of the term self-government. Section 35 of the Act was exclusively for dealing with Aboriginal affairs. It affirmed Aboriginal treaty rights and defined the people of Canada as Indian, Inuits and MÃ ©tis. The Indians was divided among those with treaties and those who did not have. The MÃ ©tis on the other hand, were divided by the issue of land base. They differed over whether prairies history and lifestyle were defining characteristics than blood relations while the Inuit were divided according to how lands were dispersed and governed (3). The Nunavut territory joined in 1999 to reconcile some of these differences among Aboriginal People. The Act also stipulated clearly that treaty rights included rights that existed in way of land claim agreements and that the Aboriginal and treaty rights were to be gender neutral. The first ministers were to hold conferences to identi fy and define the rights of Aboriginal people but as it shall be proven later, these ministers were not willing to engage in such issues. By the time the final conference was held in 1988, no proposals had been presented by these leaders or ministers. Worse still, no constitutional amendments had been effected for identification and definition of rights of Aboriginal people (Russell 5).

Public Health Measures Against Venereal Disease of the...

At the onset of the twentieth century, many changes in American life were occurring, including the expansion of cities, an increase in immigration, and a change in the typical family structure. A movement of social reforms known as progressivism arose to counter these changes, which were viewed as a challenge to domestic life. Specifically, venereal disease caught the attention of many progressives. As members of the medical profession learned more about the pathology of disease, venereal disease became regarded as the ultimate threat to the American family. The biggest outrage was the infection of innocents, women and children who encountered the disease as a result of unfaithful husbands and fathers. Efforts by the progressives to†¦show more content†¦Entry into the war would transform the problem of sexually transmitted disease into a national issue of the first magnitude, requiring a centrally conceived program†(Brandt 133). The progressives also worried about lewd behaviors projecting a negative American image on an international level. It became clear to the progressives that wartime efforts would be needed to ensure military efficiency and health. On April 17, 1917, eleven days after the declaration of war, the Commission on Training Camp Activities, or CTCA, was formed with Fosdick at the helm. The Commission utilized two main strategies to encourage sexual continence amongst troops, which was viewed as the best way to stop infection: distraction and coercion (Brandt 141). The distraction took place in centrally located huts, which became the hub of social life in the camps. Men were able to play cards, listen to music, or watch performances. In addition, athletic and recreational activities were organized. The commission believed that busy troops were less likely to engage in sexual activity. Also, strenuous athletic activity was thought to repress sexual impulses (Brand 144). In terms of coercion, the CTCA relied on education about the importance of hygiene, abstinence, and the perils of venereal disease. The General Medical Board of the Council on National Defense released an official statement rejecting the preconceivedShow MoreRelated The Origin, Etiology and Treatment of Syphilis Essay examples5684 Words   |  23 Pages The Origin, Etiology and Treatment of Syphilis â€Å"And this disease of which I speak, this syphilis too will pass away and die out, but later it will be born again and be seen again by our grandchildren just as in bygone ages we must believe it was observed by our ancestors.† – Fracastoro, 1538 1 It has been written about, debated over, and has affected every culture it has come into contact with. One can only be amazed when examining the microscopic syphilis bacterium. It traveled the seas ofRead MoreSexually Transmitted Diseases35655 Words   |  143 Pagesprokaryotes 130 Structures and functions 133-137 Microbes 148-150 Onion and cheek cells 150-151 Ecological study 154 Seed structure and germination 155-157 Reproduction in plants 158-165 Sexually transmitted diseases 166-176 Birth Control and contraceptives 177-185 Effects on population growth 186-187 Drug and drug abuse 188-191 Man’s impact on the environment 192-199 Reproduction in man 200-201 References 202 Introduction Read MoreThe Demon in the Freezer Essays12595 Words   |  51 PagesOctober 2001--was a clarion call for scientists who work with hot agents to find ways of protecting civilian populations against biological weapons. In The Demon in the Freezer, his first nonfiction book since The Hot Zone, a #1 New York Times bestseller, Richard Preston takes us into the heart of Usamriid, the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort Detrick, Maryland, once the headquarters of the U.S. biological weapons program and now the epicenter of nationalRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages............................................................ 220 Exercises .......................................................................................................................................... 220 CHAPTER 7 Defending Against Deception ............................................................................. 226 Deception Is All Around Us ............................................................................................................. 227 Exaggeration

The Host Chapter 6 Followed Free Essays

string(47) " could see the lamp on over my apartment door\." The light was finally fading outside the windows. The day, hot for March, had lingered on and on, as if reluctant to end and set me free. I sniffled and twisted the wet handkerchief into another knot. We will write a custom essay sample on The Host Chapter 6: Followed or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Kathy, you must have other obligations. Curt will be wondering where you are.† â€Å"He’ll understand.† â€Å"I can’t stay here forever. And we’re no closer to an answer than before.† â€Å"Quick fixes aren’t my specialty. You are decided against a new host -â€Å" â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"So dealing with this will probably take some time.† I clenched my teeth in frustration. â€Å"And it will go faster and more smoothly if you have some help.† â€Å"I’ll be better with making my appointments, I promise.† â€Å"That’s not exactly what I mean, though I hope you will.† â€Å"You mean help†¦ other than you?† I cringed at the thought of having to relive today’s misery with a stranger. â€Å"I’m sure you’re just as qualified as any Comforter-more so.† â€Å"I didn’t mean another Comforter.† She shifted her weight in the chair and stretched stiffly. â€Å"How many friends do you have, Wanderer?† â€Å"You mean people at work? I see a few other teachers almost every day. There are several students I speak to in the halls†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Outside of the school?† I stared at her blankly. â€Å"Human hosts need interaction. You’re not used to solitude, dear. You shared an entire planet’s thoughts -â€Å" â€Å"We didn’t go out much.† My attempt at humor fell flat. She smiled slightly and went on. â€Å"You’re struggling so hard with your problem that it’s all you can concentrate on. Maybe one answer is to not concentrate quite so hard. You said Melanie grows bored during your working hours†¦ that she is more dormant. Perhaps if you developed some peer relationships, those would bore her also.† I pursed my lips thoughtfully. Melanie, sluggish from the long day of attempted comfort, did seem rather unenthused by the idea. Kathy nodded. â€Å"Get involved with life rather than with her.† â€Å"That makes sense.† â€Å"And then there are the physical drives these bodies have. I’ve never seen or heard of their equal. One of the most difficult things we of the first wave had to conquer was the mating instinct. Believe me, the humans noticed when you didn’t.† She grinned and rolled her eyes at some memory. When I didn’t react as she’d expected, she sighed and crossed her arms impatiently. â€Å"Oh, come now, Wanderer. You must have noticed.† â€Å"Well, of course,† I mumbled. Melanie stirred restlessly. â€Å"Obviously. I’ve told you about the dreams†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No, I didn’t mean just memories. Haven’t you come across anyone that your body has responded to in the present-on strictly a chemical level?† I thought her question through carefully. â€Å"I don’t think so. Not so I’ve noticed.† â€Å"Trust me,† Kathy said dryly. â€Å"You’d notice.† She shook her head. â€Å"Perhaps you should open your eyes and look around for that specifically. It might do you a lot of good.† My body recoiled from the thought. I registered Melanie’s disgust, mirrored by my own. Kathy read my expression. â€Å"Don’t let her control how you interact with your kind, Wanderer. Don’t let her control you.† My nostrils flared. I waited a moment to answer, reining in the anger that I’d never quite gotten used to. â€Å"She does not control me.† Kathy raised an eyebrow. The anger tightened my throat. â€Å"You did not look too far afield for your current partner. Was that choice controlled?† She ignored my anger and considered the question thoughtfully. â€Å"Perhaps,† she finally said. â€Å"It’s hard to know. But you’ve made your point.† She picked at a string in the hem of her shirt, and then, as if realizing that she was avoiding my gaze, folded her hands resolutely and squared her shoulders. â€Å"Who knows how much comes from any given host on any given planet? As I said before, I think time is probably your answer. Whether she grows apathetic and silent gradually, allowing you to make another choice besides this Jared, or†¦ well, the Seekers are very good. They’re already looking for him, and maybe you’ll remember something that helps.† I didn’t move as her meaning sank in. She didn’t seem to notice that I was frozen in place. â€Å"Perhaps they’ll find Melanie’s love, and then you can be together. If his feelings are as fervent as hers, the new soul will probably be amenable.† â€Å"No!† I wasn’t sure who had shouted. It could have been me. I was full of horror, too. I was on my feet, shaking. The tears that came so easily were, for once, absent, and my hands trembled in tight fists. â€Å"Wanderer?† But I turned and ran for the door, fighting the words that could not come out of my mouth. Words that could not be my words. Words that made no sense unless they were hers, but they felt like mine. They couldn’t be mine. They couldn’t be spoken. That’s killing him! That’s making him cease to be! I don’t want someone else. I want Jared, not a stranger in his body! The body means nothing without him. I heard Kathy calling my name behind me as I ran into the road. I didn’t live far from the Comforter’s office, but the darkness in the street disoriented me. I’d gone two blocks before I realized I was running in the wrong direction. People were looking at me. I wasn’t dressed for exercise, and I wasn’t jogging, I was fleeing. But no one bothered me; they politely averted their eyes. They would guess that I was new to this host. Acting out the way a child would. I slowed to a walk, turning north so that I could loop around without passing Kathy’s office again. My walk was only slightly slower than a run. I heard my feet hitting the sidewalk too quickly, as though they were trying to match the tempo of a dance song. Slap, slap, slap against the concrete. No, it wasn’t like a drumbeat, it was too angry. Like violence. Slap, slap, slap. Someone hitting someone else. I shuddered away from the horrible image. I could see the lamp on over my apartment door. You read "The Host Chapter 6: Followed" in category "Essay examples" It hadn’t taken me long to cover the distance. I didn’t cross the road, though. I felt sick. I remembered what it felt like to vomit, though I never had. The cold wetness dewed on my forehead, the hollow sound rang in my ears. I was pretty sure I was about to have that experience for my own. There was a bank of grass beside the walk. Around a streetlamp there was a well-trimmed hedge. I had no time to look for a better place. I stumbled to the light and caught the post to hold myself up. The nausea was making me dizzy. Yes, I was definitely going to experience throwing up. â€Å"Wanderer, is that you? Wanderer, are you ill?† The vaguely familiar voice was impossible to concentrate on. But it made things worse, knowing I had an audience as I leaned my face close to the bush and violently choked up my most recent meal. â€Å"Who’s your Healer here?† the voice asked. It sounded far away through the buzzing in my ears. A hand touched my arched back. â€Å"Do you need an ambulance?† I coughed twice and shook my head. I was sure it was over; my stomach was empty. â€Å"I’m not ill,† I said I as pulled myself upright using the lamppost for support. I looked over to see who was watching my moment of disgrace. The Seeker from Chicago had her cell phone in her hand, trying to decide which authority to call. I took one good look at her and bent over the leaves again. Empty stomach or no, she was the last person I needed to see right now. But, as my stomach heaved uselessly, I realized that there would be a reason for her presence. Oh, no! Oh, no no no no no no! â€Å"Why?† I gasped, panic and sickness stealing the volume from my voice. â€Å"Why are you here? What’s happened?† The Comforter’s very uncomforting words pounded in my head. I stared at the hands gripping the collar of the Seeker’s black suit for two seconds before I realized they were mine. â€Å"Stop!† she said, and there was outrage on her face. Her voice rattled. I was shaking her. My hands jerked open and landed against my face. â€Å"Excuse me!† I huffed. â€Å"I’m sorry. I don’t know what I was doing.† The Seeker scowled at me and smoothed the front of her outfit. â€Å"You’re not well, and I suppose I startled you.† â€Å"I wasn’t expecting to see you,† I whispered. â€Å"Why are you here?† â€Å"Let’s get you to a Healing facility before we speak. If you have a flu, you should get it healed. There’s no point in letting it wear your body down.† â€Å"I don’t have a flu. I’m not ill.† â€Å"Did you eat bad food? You must report where you got it.† Her prying was very annoying. â€Å"I did not eat bad food, either. I’m healthy.† â€Å"Why don’t you have a Healer check? A quick scan-you shouldn’t neglect your host. That’s irresponsible. Especially when health care is so easy and effective.† I took a deep breath and resisted the urge to shake her again. She was a full head shorter than I was. It was a fight I would win. A fight? I turned away from her and walked swiftly toward my home. I was dangerously emotional. I needed to calm down before I did something inexcusable. â€Å"Wanderer? Wait! The Healer -â€Å" â€Å"I need no Healer,† I said without turning. â€Å"That was just†¦ an emotional imbalance. I’m fine now.† The Seeker didn’t answer. I wondered what she made of my response. I could hear her shoes-high heels-tapping after me, so I left the door open, knowing she would follow me in. I went to the sink and filled a glass with water. She waited silently while I rinsed my mouth and spat. When I was through, I leaned against the counter, staring into the basin. She was soon bored. â€Å"So, Wanderer†¦ or do you still go by that name? I don’t mean to be rude in calling you that.† I didn’t look at her. â€Å"I still go by Wanderer.† â€Å"Interesting. I pegged you for one that would choose her own.† â€Å"I did choose. I chose Wanderer.† It had long been clear to me that the mild spat I’d overheard the first day I woke in the Healing facility was the Seeker’s fault. The Seeker was the most confrontational soul I’d come across in nine lives. My first Healer, Fords Deep Waters, had been calm, kind, and wise, even for a soul. Yet he had not been able to help reacting to her. That made me feel better about my own response. I turned around to face her. She was on my small couch, nestled in comfortably as if for a long visit. Her expression was self-satisfied, the bulging eyes amused. I controlled the desire to scowl. â€Å"Why are you here?† I asked again. My voice was a monotone. Restrained. I would not lose control again in front of this woman. â€Å"It’s been a while since I heard anything from you, so I thought I would check in personally. We’ve still made no headway in your case.† My hands clamped down on the edge of the counter behind me, but I kept the wild relief from my voice. â€Å"That seems†¦ overzealous. Besides, I sent you a message last night.† Her eyebrows came together in that way she had, a way that made her look angry and annoyed at the same time, as if you, not she, were responsible for her anger. She pulled out her palm computer and touched the screen a few times. â€Å"Oh,† she said stiffly. â€Å"I haven’t checked my mail today.† She was quiet as she scanned through what I had written. â€Å"I sent it very early in the morning,† I said. â€Å"I was half asleep at the time. I’m not sure how much of what I wrote was memory or dream, or sleep-typing, maybe.† I went along with the words-Melanie’s words-as they flowed easily from my mouth; I even added my own lighthearted laugh at the end. It was dishonest of me. Shameful behavior. But I would not let the Seeker know that I was weaker than my host. For once, Melanie was not smug at having bested me. She was too relieved, too grateful that I had not, for my own petty reasons, given her away. â€Å"Interesting,† the Seeker murmured. â€Å"Another one on the loose.† She shook her head. â€Å"Peace continues to elude us.† She did not seem dismayed by the idea of a fragile peace-rather, it seemed to please her. I bit my lip hard. Melanie wanted so badly to make another denial, to claim the boy was just part of a dream. Don’t be stupid, I told her. That would be so obvious. It said much for the repellent nature of the Seeker that she could put Melanie and me on the same side of an argument. I hate her. Melanie’s whisper was sharp, painful like a cut. I know, I know. I wished I could deny that I felt†¦ similarly. Hate was an unforgivable emotion. But the Seeker was†¦ very difficult to like. Impossible. The Seeker interrupted my internal conversation. â€Å"So, other than the new location to review, you have no more help for me on the road maps?† I felt my body react to her critical tone. â€Å"I never said they were lines on a road map. That’s your assumption. And no, I have nothing else.† She clicked her tongue quickly three times. â€Å"But you said they were directions.† â€Å"That’s what I think they are. I’m not getting anything more.† â€Å"Why not? Haven’t you subdued the human yet?† She laughed loudly. Laughing at me. I turned my back to her and concentrated on calming myself. I tried to pretend that she wasn’t there. That I was all alone in my austere kitchen, staring out the window into the little patch of night sky, at the three bright stars I could see through it. Well, as alone as I ever was. While I stared at the tiny points of light in the blackness, the lines that I’d seen over and over again-in my dreams and in my broken memories, cropping up at strange, unrelated moments-flashed through my head. The first: a slow, rough curve, then a sharp turn north, another sharp turn back the other way, twisting back to the north for a longer stretch, and then the abrupt southern decline that flattened out into another shallow curve. The second: a ragged zigzag, four tight switchbacks, the fifth point strangely blunt, like it was broken†¦ The third: a smooth wave, interrupted by a sudden spur that swung a thin, long finger out to the north and back. Incomprehensible, seemingly meaningless. But I knew this was important to Melanie. From the very beginning I’d known that. She protected this secret more fiercely than any other, next to the boy, her brother. I’d had no idea of his existence before the dream last night. I wondered what it was that had broken her. Maybe as she grew louder in my head, she would lose more of her secrets to me. Maybe she would slip up, and I would see what these strange lines meant. I knew they meant something. That they led somewhere. And at that moment, with the echo of the Seeker’s laugh still hanging in the air, I suddenly realized why they were so important. They led back to Jared, of course. Back to both of them, Jared and Jamie. Where else? What other location could possibly hold any meaning for her? Only now I saw that it was not back, because none of them had ever followed these lines before. Lines that had been as much of a mystery to her as they were to me, until†¦ The wall was slow to block me. She was distracted, paying more attention to the Seeker than I was. She fluttered in my head at a sound behind me, and that was the first I was aware of the Seeker’s approach. The Seeker sighed. â€Å"I expected more of you. Your track record seemed so promising.† â€Å"It’s a pity you weren’t free for the assignment yourself. I’m sure if you’d had to deal with a resistant host, it would have been child’s play.† I didn’t turn to look at her. My voice stayed level. She sniffed. â€Å"The early waves were challenging enough even without a resistant host.† â€Å"Yes. I’ve experienced a few settlings myself.† The Seeker snorted. â€Å"Were the See Weeds very difficult to tame? Did they flee?† I kept my voice calm. â€Å"We had no trouble in the South Pole. Of course, the North was another matter. It was badly mishandled. We lost the entire forest.† The sadness of that time echoed behind my words. A thousand sentient beings, closing their eyes forever rather than accept us. They’d curled their leaves from the suns and starved. Good for them, Melanie whispered. There was no venom attached to the thought, only approval as she saluted the tragedy in my memory. It was such a waste. I let the agony of the knowledge, the feel of the dying thoughts that had racked us with our sister forest’s pain, wash through my head. It was death either way. The Seeker spoke, and I tried to concentrate on just one conversation. â€Å"Yes.† Her voice was uncomfortable. â€Å"That was poorly executed.† â€Å"You can never be too careful when it comes to doling out power. Some aren’t as careful as they should be.† She didn’t answer, and I heard her move a few steps back. Everyone knew that the misstep behind the mass suicide belonged to the Seekers, who, because the See Weeds couldn’t flee, had underestimated their ability to escape. They’d proceeded recklessly, beginning the first settlement before we had adequate numbers in place for a full-scale assimilation. By the time they realized what the See Weeds were capable of, were willing to do, it was too late. The next shipment of hibernating souls was too far away, and before they’d arrived, the northern forest was lost. I faced the Seeker now, curious to judge the impact of my words. She was impassive, staring at the white nothingness of the bare wall across the room. â€Å"I’m sorry I can’t help you further.† I said the words firmly, trying to make the dismissal clear. I was ready to have my house to myself again. To ourselves, Melanie inserted spitefully. I sighed. She was so full of herself now. â€Å"You really shouldn’t have troubled yourself to come so far.† â€Å"It’s the job,† the Seeker said, shrugging. â€Å"You’re my only assignment. Until I find the rest of them, I may as well stick close to you and hope I get lucky.† How to cite The Host Chapter 6: Followed, Essay examples

Italian Culture (GNED 1407 - AA7) Essays - Europe,

Italian Culture (GNED 1407 - AA7) Student: Stephanie Foster (100599581) Hari Venkatesh (100627121) Professor: Ruth Martin Due: Sunday February 12, 2017 Introduction The Italian culture is such an interesting and amazing culture to learn about. From the view of a sociologist, it has numerous types of material and non-material culture. Some examples of these cultures include the amazing food, beautiful art and architecture, luxurious landscape, religion and etiquette. This paper will inform the reader how exactly a sociologist would view culture, different examples of material and non material culture of Italy, and a comparison of Italian culture to our very own Canadian culture. Some would say culture could be described as the languages we speak, the foods we eat, how we dress, and the way we do things. A sociologist understands not only what culture is, but how culture affects our lives. We relate to the natural world and to each other through culture. To a Sociologist, common characteristics of a culture, such as behavior and beliefs, form members of a group of individuals or a society. Members of the diverse cultures are able to distinctively define themselves. They are also able to contribute to society and share common goals and values all while staying true to their own. Sociologists would split culture into two major categories: Material and Non- material. Material culture would be described as the physical items that we use. A few examples of material culture would be jewelry, art, tools, clothing, and even architecture. Non-material culture on the other hand consists of the nonphysical products of society, such as values and beliefs. Some other e xamples would include traditions, language, music, rituals, and any core beliefs of the traditions that is not tangible. Here are some examples of the material and non-material culture of Italy! Material Culture Non-Material Culture Cuisine Italians take pride in their cooking. They love cooking and eating as well as feeding others. Popular Italian foods include cheese, pizza, pasta, wine and tomatoes. Italians are famously known for their luxurious 3 course meals during holidays or special occasions such as weddings. Cooking allows time for families to bond. No one leaves the table until everybody is finished eating. Religion Many Italians are very religious, more specifically Roman Catholic. They take their religion seriously. For example, they never, if rarely, use the Lord's or Mary's name in vain. Mary is worshipped as much as God Himself is. It is not uncommon to see a sign of faith within an Italian home such as a crucifix or a photo of Jesus or Mary. In fact, the Vatican is located in Italy. It is the most influential church in the world. Architecture Italy consists of plenty of history and value. Rome holds the very famous Leaning tower of Pisa and Colosseum. These famous structures attract attention from tourists. It represents their value and the history of the country. Christian Holidays Christian Holidays give Italian families the opportunity to spend time with one another. The most important holidays according to Italians are Easter and Christmas. These Christian holidays give families a chance to attend Mass and also celebrate by having dinner or lunch together. They do not consider gifts as important as spending quality time with each other. Art Florence, Venice, and Rome are home to multiple museums, but art can be viewed in churches and public buildings as well. The most notable work of art is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican painted by Michelangelo between the years of 1508 and 1512. Etiquette Every country has their stereotypical way of behaving. When being greeted, Italians usually greet with either a hug or handshake accompanied with a kiss on each cheek. During meal times, families sit and eat with one another. Everyone begins and leaves the table at the same time. Clothing and Fashion Italy is a fashion forward country. Many fashion icons like Donatella Versace came from Italy. Milan hosts its own fashion week every year where supermodels walk in the fashion shows and celebrities attend and watch. Women's roles Italian women have famous yet traditional roles within the household. They are known for dealing with the cooking, cleaning and maintaining the overall household. Many, if not some, women are stay-at-home partners. Landscape Italy is a beautiful country with many

Making It Personal

Making It Personal Forging links with individuals who have an idea for a story but lack the writing skills to complete the task can be a lucrative income stream for writers. Personal writing support and advice is immensely satisfying and offers regular, immediate payments. I’ve written for several clients who lacked the writing skills to complete important, highly personal writing projects. One was a hilarious woman who would have provided great scope for a fiction writer as the basis for a character in a chic lit novel. She’d been married twice and had stories of romance, mystery and intrigue that made my hair curl. As well as helping with paragraphing, sequencing of her story and considerable editing, I also advised her about laws to protect individuals from slander, and suggested she should be careful making unfounded and serious allegations about former partners, no matter how true they may have been! She paid me $45 per hour for around 20 hours work in total. Another client wanted help to edit his already complete life story. We worked through several chapters at a leisurely pace, both enjoying the relaxed process of editing and discussing his story. He was happy to pay me $50 per hour for editing, consulting and formatting and layout advice. One day the phone rang. It was his son, telling me his father had been diagnosed with cancer and had only weeks to live. The race was on to get the story finished and fast! There was suddenly no time for planning and conferencing – the book had to be finished and printed now. After several late night editing sessions, the book was done and delivered. He read through his life story book on the last day he was able to sit up alone, and enjoyed seeing his project completed. A deadline has never been quite so critical and a project has never felt quite so important as that one. One client wanted help to adapt her African children’s stories for an English speaking audience. She paid me $50 per hour to suggest changes to her stories so they were readable for a young audience and appropriate for the age group. This called on my skills as a writer and also my experience as a teacher. I was able to suggest how to make the stories marketable for an educational audience as well as a general fiction one, and so increase her chances of publication. Personal writing support for private clients is a three-step process. You need to advertise or seek out clients who want to engage your services. This could be through a small ad in a magazine such as ‘The Genealogist’ (Australian) or Family Tree magazine (USA) or in your local or regional paper. Offer a workshop in your local area about writing a life story and spin some free advertorial in the local paper from this. Workshops on life writing are also good sources for finding potential clients. Next, meet with potential clients to discuss their needs and work out a writing plan. Explain your payment requirements, such as an hourly rate or flat fee for a project. Be clear that you will not be the author of the work but you will provide writing advice and consultation. Explain copyright and plagiarism rules and the importance of thinking carefully about anything they publish in a formal sense. Take care when meeting new clients and always consider your personal safety. Lastly, complete the project with regular updates on progress. Establish an easy invoicing arrangement that suits you both, such as direct payments into your bank account or through Paypal or similar.

Eating Humble Pie

Eating Humble Pie Eating Humble Pie Eating Humble Pie By Maeve Maddox The old expression eating humble pie remains alive and well in cyberspace: From a father who had to cope with his wifes duties when she was ill: I am once again reminded of all the little things my wife manages so well and how I really should make a better effort not to take her for granted. Humble pie is definitely a dish I should eat on a regular basis. From a sports fan: And then we played Florida at Gainesville today and they beat us by the mercy rule with a score I am not going to report. Oh me. Oh my. Talk about eating humble pie. I am trying to digest it, but it does not taste good. From the host of a website dedicated to some esoteric subject: After a lengthy discussion with Peter Kriens and BJ Hargrave, I have to eat some humble pie and admit that I gave incorrect advice about concurrency in my latest OSGi book chapter. The expression eating humble pie conflates two words: humble not proud or haughty; ranking low in the social or political scale. The word humble entered English c1250 by way of an Old French word that derived from L. humilis lowly, humble, lit. on the ground, from humus earth. umbles the edible inner parts of an animal, from Middle English numbles, offal. From the 17th century onward, recipes for umble pie appeared in cookbooks. Many people, usually the poorer sort, literally did eat umble pie. During the 17th century scholars began messing with the pronunciation of English words beginning with the letter h. Up until then, the h in French borrowings, like humble, was silent. Initial h was pronounced in words that had been borrowed directly from Latin or Greek. Some scholars promoted the idea that the h should be pronounced in humble and other French borrowings. Not everyone went along with the improvements. The expression to eat humble pie came into the language about 1850 with the sense of: submission, apology, or retraction especially made under pressure or in humiliating circumstances Its a pun. The speaker or speakers with whom the expression originated had to pronounce umble and humble the same way for the pun to work. Eating umble pie was something that an upperclass person would not willingly do, just as a person whod made an ass of himself would be unwilling to admit it and apologize for it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?45 Synonyms for â€Å"Old† and â€Å"Old-Fashioned†48 Writing Prompts for Middle School Kids

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Project management - Essay Example Therefore, a demand management will be appropriate in this case so that the changes do not affect the efficiency of the hospital. With the current designed capacity of the hospital being at 4,500 beds and the current effective capacity at 4275 beds, the hospital management can ensure the number of patients admitted do not exceed its bed space (Christopher, 2008). With demand management, accurate forecasting of the level of customers’ demand is essential. For this reason, demand management will part of the resource management of the firm and as that can help in keeping the operation costs of the hospital at manageable and conducive levels (Mangan & Butcher, 2008). If Guys hospital takes into consideration its current efficiency, which is at 78.95% and the current utilization rate which is at 75%, then it is evident that it can be able to achieve more, and in terms of demand management provided it utilizes the resources efficiently. In this case, the demand management technique to be adopted by this hospital should focus on applying planning and forecasting skills in ensuring that patients are accorded the most appropriate care and in the right setting. By Guys hospital management concentrating on the outcomes of such actions such as lack of enough bed space, and making certain that the patients obtain the precise care in the correct setting, its consistency of controlling such similar conditions will increase. This will help reduce variations which might have been leading to delays. i. Reduction of the number of unplanned and inappropriate hospital admissions as this will enable all the hospital services to operate at optimum efficiency and ensure that all patients benefit from the services (Panneerselvam, 2012). Among such services will be providing monitored home-based health care via tele-monitoring and telemedicine. ii. Predicting the source and type of the demand through the use of analytical

English Lit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

English Lit - Essay Example This is true to some extent, but again it cannot be generalized. This thesis statement can be more closely introspected if we give a thorough gaze and reviewing glance to the two great American autobiographies of the contemporary times. The two books taken into consideration are â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X† by Malcolm X published in the year 1965 and â€Å"I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings† by Maya Angelou published in the year 1969. â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X† cannot be granted as an Autobiography in its truest sense as it was written by Alex Haley during the years 1964 and 1965. According to Haley, the book was written on the basis of the interview conducted by Haley with the great historical figure Malcolm X and the interview was conducted shortly before his death. The book was published in the year 1965 with an epilogue just after the death of Malcolm. Here lies the greatest controversy on the fact and fiction. Times Magazine claims â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X† as â€Å"one of the most important nonfiction books of the 20th century† (Gray, 1998). But an autobiography should depend on the testimony and not on documentation. Haley himself admitted in his documentary â€Å"Eyes on the Prize† about the difficulty of recording the life and experience of Malcolm X as he was averse to talking about personal issues and was more keen on discussing about the â€Å"Nation of Islam† (American Experience, n.d.). Again, in a more controversial document, historian Manning Marable claimed that just before writing the book, Haley had collaborated with FBI to produce misleading criticism on Malcolm and his Nation of Islam. This is again a possibility for the distraction of truth and will always remain open for controversies and criticism (Democracy Now!, 2005). â€Å"The Autobiography of Malcolm X† encapsulates the upbringing of Malcolm in Michigan and his experience of adulthood to the quest of maturity in the city of Boston and New York.

Dinosaurs :: essays research papers

Dinosaurs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dinosaur is the name of large extinct reptiles of the Mesozoic Era, during which they were the dominant land animals on Earth. The term was proposed as a formal zoologic name in 1842 by the British anatomist Sir Richard Owen, in reference to large fossil bones unearthed in southern England. The various kinds of dinosaurs are classified in two formal categories, the orders Saurischia and Ornithischia, within the subclass Archosauria.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first recorded dinosaur remains found consisted of a few teeth and bones. They were discovered in 1882 in Sussex, England, by an English doctor, Gideon Mantell, who named them iguanodon. About the same time, other fossil teeth and bones were found near Oxford, England, by Rev. William Buckland. These were named Megalosaurus. Thousands of specimens have since been discovered nearly worldwide.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Different types of dinosaurs varied greatly in form and size, and they were adapted for diverse habitats. Their means of survival can only be identified from their fossil remains, and some identifications are in dispute. They ranged in weight from 4 to 6 lb., in the case of the compsognathus, and up to 160,000 lb., in the case of the brachiosaurus. Most dinosaurs were large, weighing more than 1,100 lb., and few weighed less than 100 lb. Most were herbivores, but some saurischians were carnivorous. The majority were four- footed but some ornithischians and all carnivores walked on their hind legs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Always classified as reptiles, dinosaurs have traditionally been assumed to have been reptilian in their physiology, cold-blooded, and ectothermic. In recent years several different lines of evidence have been interpreted as indicating that dinosaurs may have had warm blood and high rates of metabolism, comparable to birds and mammals. Evidence supporting this view includes upright posture and carriage; mammallike microscopical structure of bones; skeletal features suggestive of high activity; and specialized food-processing dentitions and low ratios of dinosaurian predators to prey animals, both suggesting high food requirements. The evidence is not conclusive--all the facts can be alternatively explained--but some dinosaurs may have been endothermic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reproductive means of most dinosaurs is as yet unknown. Fossil eggs, attributed to one of the horned dinosaurs and a sauropod, have been discovered in Mongolia and France. Fragments that are presumed to be of dinosaur eggs have also been found in Brazil, Portugal, Tanzania, and in the United States, Colorado, Montana, and Utah. In Montana, Utah, and Alberta, Canada, fossils of unhatched dinosaur eggs have been discovered. This evidence indicates egg- laying reproduction in dinosaurs, like most modern reptiles. A few scientists believe that some dinosaurs may have given birth to living young, but no

As Fast as Food Essay

Fast food restaurantA fast food restaurant, also known as a quick service restaurant (QSR) within the industry itself, is a specific type of restaurant characterized both by its fast food cuisine and by minimal table service. Food served in fast food restaurants typically caters to a â€Å"meat-sweet diet† and is offered from a limited menu; is cooked in bulk in advance and kept hot; is finished and packaged to order; and is usually available ready to take away, though seating may be provided. Fast food restaurants are usually part of a restaurant chain or franchise operation, which provisions standardized ingredients and/or partially prepared foods and supplies to each restaurant through controlled supply channels. The term â€Å"fast food† was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951. [1] Arguably the first fast food restaurants originated in the United States with A&W in 1916 and White Castle in 1921. [2] Today, American-founded fast food chains such as McDonald’s and KFC are multinational corporations with outlets across the globe. Variations on the fast food restaurant concept include fast casual restaurants and catering trucks. Fast casual restaurants have higher sit-in ratios, and customers can sit and have their orders brought to them. Catering trucks often park just outside worksites and are popular with factory workers. HistorySome trace the modern history of fast food in America to July 7, 1912, with the opening of a fast food restaurant called the Automat in New York. The Automat was a cafeteria with its prepared foods behind small glass windows and coin-operated slots. Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart had already opened the first Horn & Hardart Automat in Philadelphia in 1902, but their â€Å"Automat† at Broadway and 13th Street, in New York City, created a sensation. Numerous Automat restaurants were built around the country to deal with the demand. Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of â€Å"take-out† food, with their slogan â€Å"Less work for Mother†. Some historians and secondary school textbooks concur that A&W, which opened in 1919 and began franchising in 1921, was the first fast food restaurant (E. Tavares). Thus, the American company White Castle is generally credited with opening the second fast-food outlet in Wichita, Kansas in 1921, selling hamburgers for five cents apiece from its inception and spawning numerous competitors and emulators. What is certain, however, is that White Castle made the first significant effort to standardize the food production in, look of, and operation of fast-food hamburger restaurants. William Ingram’s and Walter Anderson’s White Castle System created the first fast food supply chain to provide meat, buns, paper goods, and other supplies to their restaurants, pioneered the concept of the multistate hamburger restaurant chain, standardized the look and construction of the restaurants themselves, and even developed a construction division that manufactured and built the chain’s prefabricated restaurant buildings. The McDonalds’ Speedee Service System and, much later, Ray Kroc’s McDonald’s outlets and Hamburger University all built on principles, systems and practices that White Castle had already established between 1923 and 1932. The hamburger restaurant most associated by the public with the term â€Å"fast food† was created by two brothers originally from Nashua, New Hampshire. Richard and Maurice McDonald opened a barbecue drive-in in 1940 in the city of San Bernardino, California. After discovering that most of their profits came from hamburgers, the brothers closed their restaurant for three months and reopened it in 1948 as a walk-up stand offering a simple menu of hamburgers, french fries, shakes, coffee, and Coca-Cola, served in disposable paper wrapping. As a result, they could produce hamburgers and fries constantly, without waiting for customer orders, and could serve them immediately; hamburgers cost 15 cents, about half the price at a typical diner. Their streamlined production method, which they named the â€Å"Speedee Service System† was influenced by the production line innovations of Henry Ford. By 1954, The McDonald brothers’ stand was restaurant equipment manufacturer Prince Castle’s biggest purchaser of milkshake blending machines. Prince Castle salesman Ray Kroc traveled to California to discover why the company had purchased almost a dozen of the units as opposed to the normal one or two found in most restaurants of the time. Enticed by the success of the McDonald’s concept, Kroc signed a franchise agreement with the brothers and began opening McDonald’s restaurants in Illinois. [3] By 1961, Kroc had bought out the brothers and created what is now the modern McDonald’s Corporation. One of the major parts of his business plan was to promote cleanliness of his restaurants to growing groups of Americans that had become aware of food safety issues. As part of his commitment to cleanliness, Kroc often took part in cleaning his own Des Plaines, Illinois outlet by hosing down the garbage cans and scraping gum off the cement. Another concept Kroc added was great swaths of glass which enabled the customer to view the food preparation, a practice still found in chains such as Krispy Kreme. A clean atmosphere was only part of Kroc’s grander plan which separated McDonald’s from the rest of the competition and attributes to their great success. Kroc envisioned making his restaurants appeal to suburban families. [4] At roughly the same time as Kroc was conceiving what eventually became McDonald’s Corporation, two Miami, Florida businessmen, James McLamore and David Edgerton, opened a franchise of the predecessor to what is now the international fast food restaurant chain Burger King. McLamore had visited the original McDonald’s hamburger stand belonging to the McDonald brothers; sensing potential in their innovative assembly line-based production system, he decided he wanted to open a similar operation of his own. [5][6] The two partners eventually decided to invest their money in Jacksonville, Florida-based Insta-Burger King. Originally opened in 1953, the founders and owners of the chain, Kieth J. Kramer and his wife’s uncle Matthew Burns, opened their first stores around a piece of equipment known as the Insta-Broiler. The Insta-Broiler oven proved so successful at cooking burgers, they required all of their franchises to carry the device. [5] By 1959 McLamore and Edgarton were operating several locations within the Miami-Dade area and were growing at a fast clip. Despite the success of their operation, the partners discovered that the design of the insta-broiler made the unit’s heating elements prone to degradation from the drippings of the beef patties. The pair eventually created a mechanized gas grill that avoided the problems by changing the way the meat patties were cooked in the unit. After the original company began to falter in 1959, it was purchased by McLamore and Edgerton who renamed the company Burger King. [7] While fast food restaurants usually have a seating area in which customers can eat the food on the premises, orders are designed to be taken away, and traditional table service is rare. Orders are generally taken and paid for at a wide counter, with the customer waiting by the counter for a tray or container for their food. A â€Å"drive-through† service can allow customers to order and pick up food from their cars. Nearly from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eaten â€Å"on the go† and often does not require traditional cutlery and is eaten as a finger food. Common menu items at fast food outlets include fish and chips, sandwiches, pitas, hamburgers, fried chicken, french fries, chicken nuggets, tacos, pizza, and ice cream, although many fast food restaurants offer â€Å"slower† foods like chili, mashed potatoes, and salads. CuisineModern commercial fast food is highly processed and prepared on a large scale from bulk ingredients using standardized cooking and production methods and equipment. It is usually rapidly served in cartons or bags or in a plastic wrapping, in a fashion which reduces operating costs by allowing rapid product identification and counting, promoting longer holding time, avoiding transfer of bacteria, and facilitating order fulfillment. In most fast food operations, menu items are generally made from processed ingredients prepared at a central supply facilities and then shipped to individual outlets where they are cooked (usually by grill, microwave, or deep-frying) or assembled in a short amount of time either in anticipation of upcoming orders (i. e. , â€Å"to stock†) or in response to actual orders (i. e., â€Å"to order†). Following standard operating procedures, pre-cooked products are monitored for freshness and disposed of if holding times become excessive. This process ensures a consistent level of product quality, and is key to delivering the order quickly to the customer and avoiding labor and equipment costs in the individual stores. Because of commercial emphasis on taste, speed, product safety, uniformity, and low cost, fast food products are made with ingredients formulated to achieve an identifiable flavor, aroma, texture, and â€Å"mouth feel† and to preserve freshness and control handling costs during preparation and order fulfillment. This requires a high degree of food engineering. The use of additives, including salt, sugar, flavorings and preservatives, and processing techniques may limit the nutritional value of the final product. Value mealsA value meal is a group of menu items offered together at a lower price than they would cost individually. They are common at fast food restaurants. Value meals are a common merchandising tactic to facilitate bundling, up-selling, and price discrimination. Most of the time they can be upgraded to a larger size of fries and drink for a small fee. The perceived creation of a â€Å"discount† on individual menu items in exchange for the purchase of a â€Å"meal† is also consistent with the loyalty marketing school of thought. [8] TechnologyTo make quick service possible and to ensure accuracy and security, many fast food restaurants have incorporated hospitality point of sale systems. This makes it possible for kitchen crew people to view orders placed at the front counter or drive through in real time. Wireless systems allow orders placed at drive through speakers to be taken by cashiers and cooks. Drive through and walk through configurations will allow orders to be taken at one register and paid at another. Modern point of sale systems can operate on computer networks using a variety of software programs. Sales records can be generated and remote access to computer reports can be given to corporate offices, managers, troubleshooters, and other authorized personnel. Food service chains partner with food equipment manufacturers to design highly specialized restaurant equipment, often incorporating heat sensors, timers, and other electronic controls into the design. Collaborative design techniques, such as rapid visualization and parametric modeling of restaurant kitchens are now being used to establish equipment specifications that are consistent with restaurant operating and merchandising requirements. [9] Business Consumer spendingIn the United States alone, consumers spent about $110 billion on fast food in 2000 (which increased from $6 billion in 1970). [10] The National Restaurant Association forecasts that fast food restaurants in the U. S. will reach $142 billion in sales in 2006, a 5% increase over 2005. In comparison, the full-service restaurant segment of the food industry is expected to generate $173 billion in sales. Fast food has been losing market share to so-called fast casual restaurants, which offer more robust and expensive cuisines. Major international brandsMcDonald’s, a noted fast food supplier, opened its first franchised restaurant in the US in 1955 (1974 in the UK). It has become a phenomenally successful enterprise in terms of financial growth, brand-name recognition, and worldwide expansion. Ray Kroc, who bought the franchising license from the McDonald brothers, pioneered many concepts which emphasized standardization. He introduced uniform products, identical in all respects at each outlet, to increase sales. At the same time, Kroc also insisted on cutting food costs as much as possible, eventually using the McDonald’s Corporation’s size to force suppliers to conform to this ethos. Other prominent international fast food companies include Burger King, the number two hamburger chain in the world, known for promoting its customized menu offerings (Have it Your Way). Multinational corporations typically modify their menus to cater to local tastes and most overseas outlets are owned by native franchisees. McDonald’s in India, for example, uses chicken and paneer rather than beef in its burgers because Hinduism traditionally forbids eating beef. In Israel some McDonald’s restaurants are kosher and respect the Jewish Shabbat; there is also a kosher McDonald’s in Argentina. In Egypt, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, and Singapore, all menu items are halal. North America Animal fries from In-N-Out Burger’s secret menu Many fast food operations have more local and regional roots, such as White Castle in the Midwest United States, along with Hardee’s (owned by CKE Restaurants, which also owns Carl’s Jr., whose locations are primarily on the United States West Coast); Krystal, Bojangles’ Famous Chicken ‘n Biscuits, Cook Out, and Zaxby’s restaurants in the American Southeast; Raising Cane’s in Louisiana; Hot ‘n Now in Michigan and Wisconsin; In-N-Out Burger (in California, Arizona, Nevada, Utah, and Texas) and Original Tommy’s chains in Southern California; Dick’s Drive-In in Seattle, Washington and Arctic Circle in Utah and other western states; Halo Burger around Flint, Michigan and Burgerville in the Portland, Oregon area. Also, Whataburger is a popular burger chain in the American South and Mexico, and Jack in the Box is located in the West and South. Canada pizza chains Topper’s Pizza and Pizza Pizza are primarily located in Ontario. Coffee chain Country Style operates only in Ontario, and competes with the famous coffee and donut chain Tim Hortons. Maid-Rite restaurant is one of the oldest chain fast food restaurants in the United States. Founded in 1926, their specialty is a loose meat hamburger. Maid-Rites can be found in the midwest – mainly Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois, and Missouri. International brands dominant in North America include McDonalds’s, Burger King and Wendy’s, the number three burger chain in the USA; Dunkin’ Donuts, a New England based chain; automobile oriented Sonic Drive-In’s from Oklahoma City; Starbucks, Seattle-born coffee-based fast food beverage corporation; KFC, a part of the largest restaurant conglomerate in the world, Yum! Brands; and Domino’s Pizza, a pizza chain known for popularizing home delivery of fast food. Subway is known for their sub sandwiches and are the largest restaurant chain to serve such food items. [11] Quiznos a Denver based sub shop is another fast growing sub chain, yet with over 6,000 locations it is still far behind Subway’s 34,000 locations. Other smaller sub shops include Blimpie, Jersey Mike’s Subs, Mr. Goodcents, Jimmy John’s, and Firehouse. A&W Restaurants was originally a United States and Canada fast food brand, but is currently an International fast food corporation in several countries. In Canada the majority of fast food chains are American owned, or were originally American owned but have since set up a Canadian management/headquarters location in cities such as Toronto and Vancouver such as Panera Bread, Chipotle Mexican Grill, Five Guys, Carl’s Jr. and Chili’s. Although the case is usually American fast food chains expanding into Canada, Canadian chains such as Tim Hortons have expanded into 22 states in the United States, but are more prominent in border states such as New York and Michigan. Tim Hortons has started to expand to other countries outside of North America. The Canadian Extreme Pita franchise sells low fat and salt pita sandwiches with stores in the larger Canadian cities. Other Canadian fast food chains such as Manchu Wok serve North American style Asian foods; this company is located mainly in Canada and the USA, with other outlets on US military bases on other continents. Harvey’s is a Canadian burger restaurant chain. The United KingdomIn the United Kingdom, many home based fast food operations were closed in the 1970s and 1980s after McDonald’s became the number one outlet in the market[citation needed]. However, brands like Wimpy still remain, although the majority of branches became Burger King in 1989. JapanTraditional ramen and sushi restaurants still dominate fast food culture in Japan, although American outlets like Pizza Hut, McDonald’s, and KFC are also popular, along with Japanese chains like MOS Burger. NigeriaIn Nigeria, Mr. Bigg’s, Chicken Republic, Tantalizers, and Tastee Fried Chicken are the predominant fast food chains. KFC and Pizza Hut have recently entered the country. PakistanFast food In Pakistan varies. There are many international chains serving fast food, including Nandos, KFC, McDonalds, Dunkin’ Donuts, Subway, Pizza Hut, Hardees, Telepizza and Gloria Jean’s Coffees. In addition to the international chains, in local cuisine people in Pakistan like to have biryani, bun kebabs, Nihari, kebab rolls etc. as fast food. South AfricaKFC is the most popular fast food chain in South Africa according to a 2010 Sunday Times survey. [12] Chicken Licken, Wimpy and Ocean Basket along with Nando’s and Steers are examples of homegrown franchises that are highly popular within the country. McDonalds, Subway and Pizza Hut have a significant presence within South Africa. China and Hong KongIn Hong Kong, although McDonald’s and KFC are quite popular, there are 3 major local fast food chains providing Hong Kong Chinese style fast food. These 3 major chains are Cafe de Coral, Fairwood Fast Food, and Maxim MX. In recent years, they have also been extending their operations to Mainland China. IsraelIn Israel, local burger chain Burger Ranch is popular as are McDonald’s, Burger King and KFC. Domino’s Pizza is also a popular fast food restaurant. Chains like McDonalds offer kosher branches. Non-kosher foods such as cheeseburgers are rare in Israeli fast food chains, even in non-kosher branches. There are many small local fast food chains that serve pizza, burgers and local foods such as falafel. New ZealandIn New Zealand, the fast food market began in the 1970s with KFC (opened 1971), Pizza Hut (1974), and McDonald’s (1976),[13] and all three remain popular today. Burger King and Domino’s entered the market later in the 1990s. Australian pizza chains Eagle Boys and Pizza Haven also entered the market in the 1990s, but their New Zealand operations were later sold to Pizza Hut and Domino’s. Two fast food chains were founded in New Zealand: Georgie Pie and Hell Pizza. Georgie Pie opened in 1977, and was based around the Australian and New Zealand meat pie. They went through a failed expansion attempt in the mid-1990s and became economically unviable, resulting in the chain being sold to McDonald’s in 1996; the last Georgie Pie restaurant was closed in 1998. Hell Pizza was founded in 1996 in Wellington, and is known for its satanic marketing. Today, it has 64 stores in New Zealand, and also has stores in the UK, Australia, Ireland and Canada. TrendsHealth concernsSome of the large fast food chains are beginning to incorporate healthier alternatives in their menu, e. g. , white meat, snack wraps, salads, and fresh fruit. However, some people see these moves as a tokenistic and commercial measure, rather than an appropriate reaction to ethical concerns about the world ecology and people’s health. McDonald’s announced that in March 2006, the chain would include nutritional information on the packaging of all of its products. [14] Consumer appealFast food outlets have become popular with consumers for several reasons. One is that through economies of scale in purchasing and producing food, these companies can deliver food to consumers at a very low cost. In addition, although some people dislike fast food for its predictability, it can be reassuring to a hungry person in a hurry or far from home[citation needed] In the post-World War II period in the United States, fast food chains like McDonald’s rapidly gained a reputation for their cleanliness, fast service, and a child-friendly atmosphere where families on the road could grab a quick meal, or seek a break from the routine of home cooking[citation needed]. Prior to the rise of the fast food chain restaurant, people generally had a choice between greasy spoon diners where the quality of the food was often questionable and service lacking, or high-end restaurants that were expensive and impractical for families with children[citation needed]. The modern, stream-lined convenience of the fast food restaurant provided a new alternative and appealed to Americans’ instinct for ideas and products associated with progress, technology, and innovation. [citation needed] Fast food restaurants rapidly became the eatery â€Å"everyone could agree on†, with many featuring child-size menu combos, play areas, and whimsical branding campaigns, like the iconic Ronald McDonald, designed to appeal to younger customers. Parents could have a few minutes of peace while children played or amused themselves with the toys included in their Happy Meal. There is a long history of fast food advertising campaigns, many of which are directed at children. In other parts of the world, American and American-style fast food outlets have been popular for their quality, customer service, and novelty, even though they are often the targets of popular anger towards American foreign policy or globalization more generally[citation needed]. Many consumers nonetheless see them as symbols of the wealth, progress, and well-ordered openness of Western society and therefore become trendy attractions in many cities around the world, particularly among younger people with more varied tastes. [citation needed] Impact of fast food restaurant availabilityOver time, fast food restaurants have been growing rapidly, especially in urban neighborhoods. According to US research, low-income and predominantly African-American neighborhoods have greater exposure to fast food outlets than higher income and predominantly white areas. [15] This has put into question whether urbanized neighborhoods were targeted, which causes a more unhealthy group of people compared to people from a higher socioeconomic status. It has also been shown that there is a lower chance of finding a fast food restaurant in a suburban neighborhood. In a study of selected US locations, Morland et al. (2002) found the number of fast food restaurants and bars was inversely proportional to the wealth of the neighborhood, and that predominantly African-American residential areas were four times less likely to have a supermarket near them than predominantly white areas. [16] Innovations timeline 1872: Walter Scott of Providence, RI outfitted a horse-drawn lunch wagon with a simple kitchen, bringing hot dinners to workers[17] 1902: First Horn & Hardart Automat opened in Philadelphia 1912: Horn & Hardart opens a second Automat in Manhattan 1916: Walter Anderson built the first White Castle in Wichita, KS in 1916, introducing the limited menu, high volume, low cost, high speed hamburger restaurant[17] 1919: A&W Root Beer took its product out of the soda fountain and into a roadside stand[17] 1921: A&W Root Beer began franchising its syrup[17]. 1921: White Castle opens its first restaurant 1926: Maid-Rite opened its first restaurant in Muscatine, Iowa. 1930s: Howard Johnson’s pioneered the concept of franchising restaurants, formally standardizing menus, signage, and advertising[17] 1948: In-N-Out Burger begins drive-through service utilizing call-box technology 1967: McDonald’s opens its first restaurants outside the U. S. [1] 1971: McDonald’s begins serving breakfast, test-marketing the Egg McMuffin in the U. S. [2] 1971: The first Starbucks store opens in Seattle, Washington in Pike Place Market to sell high-quality coffee beans and equipment 1980: 7-Eleven introduces the 32-US-fluid-ounce (950 ml) Big Gulp 1981: Arby’s offers nutritional information 1987: Howard Schultz leads purchase of the Starbucks brand from its founders (who adopted the name Peet’s) and begins offering coffee drinks modeled after those sold in Italian coffee bars 1994: McDonald’s begins â€Å"supersizing† Extra Value Meals. 1994: Arctic Circle becomes the first fast food restaurant to sell Angus beef exclusively. 1994: Arby’s is first fast food restaurant to implement a no-smoking policy 2002: McDonald’s cuts back on the amount of trans fat by 48 percent on french fries 2006: Arby’s begins elimination of trans fat oils in french fries Criticisms Hot Dog The fast food industry is a popular target for critics, from anti-globalization activists like Jose Bove to vegetarian activist groups such as PETA. In his best-selling 2001 book Fast Food Nation, investigative journalist Eric Schlosser leveled a broad, socioeconomic critique against the fast food industry, documenting how fast food rose from small, family-run businesses (like the McDonald brothers’ burger joint) into large, multinational corporate juggernauts whose economies of scale radically transformed agriculture, meat processing, and labor markets in the late twentieth century. While the innovations of the fast food industry gave Americans more and cheaper dining options, it has come at the price of destroying the environment, economy, and small-town communities of rural America while shielding consumers from the real costs of their convenient meal, both in terms of health and the broader impact of large-scale food production and processing on workers, animals, and land. The fast food industry is popular in the United States, the source of most of its innovation, and many major international chains are based there. Seen as symbols of U. S. dominance and perceived cultural imperialism, American fast food franchises have often been the target of Anti-globalization protests and demonstrations against the U. S. government. In 2005, for example, rioters in Karachi, Pakistan, who were initially angered because of the bombing of a Shiite mosque, destroyed a KFC restaurant. [18] Legal issuesIn 2003, McDonald’s was sued in a New York court by a family who claimed that the restaurant chain was responsible for their teenage daughter’s obesity and attendant health problems. By manipulating food’s taste, sugar and fat content, and directing their advertising to children, the suit argued that the company purposely misleads the public about the nutritional value of its product. A judge dismissed the case, but the fast food industry disliked the publicity of its practices, particularly the way it targets children in its advertising. [19] Although further lawsuits have not materialized, the issue is kept alive in the media and political circles by those promoting the need for tort reform. [20]. In response to this, the â€Å"Cheeseburger Bill† [21] was passed by the U. S. House of Representatives in 2004; it later stalled in the U. S. Senate. The law was reintroduced in 2005, only to meet the same fate. This law was claimed to â€Å"[ban] frivolous lawsuits against producers and sellers of food and non-alcoholic drinks arising from obesity claims. † The bill arose because of an increase in lawsuits against fast food chains by people who claimed that eating their products made them obese, disassociating themselves from any of the blame. Fast foodFast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly. While any meal with low preparation time can be considered to be fast food, typically the term refers to food sold in a restaurant or store with preheated or precooked ingredients, and served to the customer in a packaged form for take-out/take-away. The term â€Å"fast food† was recognized in a dictionary by Merriam–Webster in 1951. Outlets may be stands or kiosks, which may provide no shelter or seating,[1] or fast food restaurants (also known as quick service restaurants). Franchise operations which are part of restaurant chains have standardized foodstuffs shipped to each restaurant from central locations History. Pulling wheat dough into thin strands to form lamian See also: Fast food restaurant history The concept of ready-cooked food for sale is closely connected with urban development. In Ancient Rome cities had street stands that sold bread, sausages and wine. Pre-modern EuropeIn the cities of Roman antiquity, much of the urban population living in insulae, multi-story apartment blocks, depended on food vendors for much of their meals. In the mornings, bread soaked in wine was eaten as a quick snack and cooked vegetables and stews later inpopina, a simple type of eating establishment. [3] In the Middle Ages, large towns and major urban areas such as London and Paris supported numerous vendors that sold dishes such as pies, pasties, flans, waffles, wafers, pancakes and cooked meats. As in Roman cities during antiquity, many of these establishments catered to those who did not have means to cook their own food, particularly single households. Unlike richer town dwellers, many often could not afford housing with kitchen facilities and thus relied on fast food. Travellers, as well, such as pilgrims en route to a holy site, were among the customers. [4] United Kingdom Fish and chips with mushy peas In areas which had access to coastal or tidal waters, ‘fast food’ would frequently include local shellfish or seafood, such as oysters or, as in London, eels. Often this seafood would be cooked directly on the quay or close by. [5] The development of trawler fishing in the mid nineteenth century would lead to the development of a British favourite fish and chips, and the first shop in 1860. [6] A blue plaque at Oldham’s Tommyfield Market marks the origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries in Britain. [6] British fast food had considerable regional variation. Sometimes the regionality of dish became part of the culture of its respective area. The content of fast food pies has varied, with poultry (such as chickens) or wildfowl commonly being used. After World War II, turkey has been used more frequently in fast food. [7] As well as its native cuisine, the UK has adopted fast food from other cultures, such as pizza, Chinese noodles, kebab, and curry. More recently healthier alternatives to conventional fast food have also emerged. United States. Neighboring fast food restaurant advertisement signs in Bowling Green, Kentucky for Wendy’s, KFC, Krystal and Taco Bell As automobiles became popular and more affordable following World War I, drive-in restaurants were introduced. The American company White Castle, founded by Billy Ingram and Walter Anderson in Wichita, Kansas in 1921, is generally credited with opening the second fast food outlet and first hamburger chain, selling hamburgers for five cents each. [8] Walter Anderson had built the first White Castle restaurant in Wichita in 1916, introducing the limited menu, high volume, low cost, high speed hamburger restaurant. [9] Among its innovations, the company allowed customers to see the food being prepared. White Castle was successful from its inception and spawned numerous competitors. Franchising was introduced in 1921 by A&W Root Beer, which franchised its distinctive syrup. Howard Johnson’s first franchised the restaurant concept in the mid-1930s, formally standardizing menus, signage and advertising. [9] Curb service was introduced in the late 1920s and was mobilized in the 1940s when carhops strapped on roller skates. [10]. The United States has the largest fast food industry in the world, and American fast food restaurants are located in over 100 countries. Approximately 2 million U. S. workers are employed in the areas of food preparation and food servicing including fast food in the USA. [11] On the go McDonald’s first two-lane drive-thru was at the Rock N Roll McDonald’s in Chicago. Fast food outlets are take-away or take-out providers, often with a â€Å"drive-through† service which allows customers to order and pick up food from their cars, but most also have indoor and/or outdoor seating areas in which the customers can eat the food on-site. Nearly from its inception, fast food has been designed to be eate.